Ko te kaipuke taonga a San José me te pakanga i totohu ai ia
I te 8 o Hune 1708, i te takutai moana o Colombia, i rere tētahi tira kaipuke taonga Pāniora. Ko tōna kaipuke matua he kaipuke nui, he 64-pū, ko te Galeón San José (te San José ) te ingoa. I utaina te San José ki tētahi utanga tino nui – 200 tāne koura, hiriwa me ngā emerara mata mai i te Ao Hou – hei whakahoki ki Ūropi hei putea mō ngā mahi hōia a Pāniora me Wīwī i te Pakanga o te Tukunga Whenua o Pāniora.
Engari i tata atu, e tatari ana ngā kaipuke whawhai o te ope taua o Peretānia ki te whanga i te ope taua o Pāniora, ki te whakakore me te tango i te San José, me te tango i te taonga. I mua tata tonu i te torengitanga o te rā, ka hopukina e ngā Peretānia te kaipuke kaipuke ka whakarewahia tā rātou whakaeke.
Engari, kāore i rite te pakanga ki tā te mahere i te wā i pupuhi ai tētahi o ngā kaipuke o Peretānia i tētahi pū ki roto i te maheni paura pū o te San José. I roto i ngā meneti, ka totohu te kaipuke me ana taonga katoa ki te takere o te Moana Karipiana. Kei reira tonu rātou mai i taua wā.
Te kitenga me te whakaora
I ngā tau 1980, i kī tētahi kamupene whakaora tangata o Amerika (te kamupene whakaora tangata ) i kitea e rātou te kaipuke pakaru i ngā wai o Colombia. I te tau 2015, i whakaū a Colombia kua kitea te San José, engari i kī rātou i kitea i tētahi wāhi rerekē i tērā i pūrongohia i te tau 1982. He mea huna a te Kāwanatanga o Colombia te wāhi i pakaru ai te kaipuke.
Neke atu i te 300 tau i muri i te pakanga i totohu ai ia, me te 40 tau i muri i te kitenga tuatahitia o te moana, kei te takoto tonu te awa o San José i te papa o te moana. Kua pāngia ngā ngana ki te whakaora e ngā pakanga hou – arā, ko ngā pakanga ture mō te hunga nona tana taonga USD 20 piriona.
Nā wai te San José?
E kī ana tētahi kamupene o Amerika ko Sea Search-Armada LLC ( SSA ) e whai mana ana rātou ki te 50% o te uara o te taonga o San José i raro i tētahi whakaaetanga i waenganui i a Colombia me te kamupene whakaora taonga i kitea ai i te tau 1982. [1]
E whakakahore ana a Colombia i te kitenga o te kamupene whakaora i te pakaru o te San José. E kī ana rātou nō Colombia te San José me ōna taonga, ā, he rawa ahurea ā-motu, kāore e kiia he 'taonga'. I te Hui-tanguru 2024, i whakapuaki a Colombia i ngā mahere ki te tirotiro me te tūhura i te pakaru.
E ai ki a Pāniora, ehara i te mea nō Colombia, nō SSA rānei te San José, ā, kei te noho tonu te kaipuke me ōna taonga hei taonga tūmatanui mō Pāniora, ā, he taonga tuku iho i raro i te wai hoki o Pāniora.
Kua whakapuakina hoki e ngā iwi taketake o Peru me Bolivia ā rātou whakahē nā te mea i keria ngā taonga koura, hiriwa me ngā emerara o San José e ō rātou tūpuna, i runga rānei i ō rātou whenua i ngā wā koroni, ā, i pahuatia e Pāniora. I te tīmatanga o tēnei tau, i tukuna e tētahi rōpū o ngā hapori taketake o Amerika ki te Tonga he pitihana ki Pāniora me UNESCO kia whai wāhi rātou ki ngā moni whiwhi mai i San José hei taonga tuku iho mō rātou.
Ko ētahi atu rōpū, tae atu ki ētahi tohunga whaipara tangata me ngā kaituhi hītori, e tohe ana me whakaute te whare pakaru hei urupā, ā, kaua e pāngia.
I runga i tēnei whānuitanga o te whakahē ā-ao, ko te arotahi o tēnei tuhinga ko te take whaiti ake o ngā kereme a SSA ki a Colombia me ā rātou tukanga whakatau tautohe e haere tonu ana.
Te tautohe a te kamupene whakaora taonga ki Colombia
Te whakaaetanga tūhura me te kitenga o te tau 1982
I te tau 1980, i tukuna e ngā mana whakahaere o Colombia he whakaaetanga tūhuratanga raro wai ki te kamupene whakaora (te whakaaetanga ).
I muri i ngā tau e rua o te rapu, i te tau 1982 ka tukuna e te kamupene whakaora he pūrongo ki Colombia kua kitea he kaipuke pakaru, ā, i tukuna mai ngā taunga o te kaipuke pakaru (ngā taunga kua pūrongohia ).
I whakaputa a Colombia i tētahi whakataunga e whakamana ana i te kamupene whakaora hei kairīpoata taonga i roto i ngā taunga kua pūrongohia (te reta whakamana o te tau 1982 ). E kī ana te SSA i raro i te ture o Colombia i taua wā, i whai mana te kamupene whakaora hei kaiwhakakite me te kairīpoata o te waka pakaru, ki te 50% o te uara o te taonga.
Whai muri i te kitenga, ka pakaru te whanaungatanga i waenganui i a Colombia me te kamupene whakaora, ā, kāore i angitu ngā nganatanga ki te whakaae ki ngā tikanga kirimana hei whakaora i te waka pakaru. E kī ana a SSA kua tīmata a Colombia ki te whakapā atu ki ētahi atu kaiwhakahaere ki te tirotiro me te whakaora i te waka pakaru mā te whakamahi i ngā taunga kua pūrongohia e te kamupene whakaora.
Te kitenga o te tau 2015
E kī ana a Colombia, whai muri i ngā rangahautanga anō i te tau 1994, i kitea ko te mea i kitea e te kamupene whakaora i ngā taunga kua pūrongohia ehara i te pakaru o te San José.
I te tau 2015, i panuitia e Colombia kua kitea te kaipuke o San José. E kī ana a Colombia i kitea te kaipuke pakaru o San José i taua tau e tētahi kaiwhakahaere Huiterangi, i tētahi wāhi rerekē i ngā taunga kua pūrongohia e te kamupene whakaora.
I runga i tēnā, e kī ana a Colombia kāore he mana o SSA ki te San José, nā te mea kāore i kitea e te kamupene whakaora. Heoi, e whakakahore ana a Colombia ki te whakaatu i ngā taunga tuturu o te San José, ā, he mea ngaro tōna wāhi.
Te whakataunga a te Kōti Matua o Colombia (2007)
Kua uru te kamupene whakaora me ōna uri ki ngā whakawakanga ture ki a Colombia mai i te tau 1989, i Colombia me te US. [2]
I te tau 2007, i whakaputa te Kōti Matua o Colombia i tētahi whakatau mō ngā tika o te kamupene whakaora. Heoi, kāore a SSA me Colombia i whakaae ki ngā whakatau a te Kōti Matua.
E kī ana te SSA ko te whakataunga a te Kōti Matua he mana tō te kamupene whakaora ki te 50% o te uara o ngā taonga katoa e kiia ana he "taonga" i ngā taunga kua pūrongohia me te rohe e karapoti ana. Kāore a Colombia e whakaae ki te whakamaoritanga a te SSA i te whakataunga a te Kōti.
I te tau 2008, i whakawhitia e te kamupene whakaora whenua ōna mana me ōna rawa ki a SSA.
Te Whakaaetanga Whakatairanga Tauhokohoko o te Hononga o Amerika-Koromupia (2012)
I te tau 2006, i hainatia e te Hononga o Amerika me Colombia tētahi tiriti hokohoko kore utu me te haumi. Ko te Whakaaetanga Whakatairanga Tauhokohoko o Amerika-Colombia ( ) i whai mana i te tau 2012. o te TPA e tiaki ana i ngā kamupene o Amerika e haumi ana ki Colombia mai i te whakahāwea, te whakahaere turekore rānei.
I raro i te Ture 10 o te TPA, ka taea e ngā kamupene o Amerika me tētahi tautohe ki a Colombia e kiia ana he 'tautohe haumi' te tuku i tā rātou tautohe ki te whakatau tautohe.
I whakamanahia e Colombia tētahi ture whakarōpūtanga hou (2020)
I te tau 2020, i whakamanahia e Colombia tētahi ture hou e whakarōpū ana i te San José me ōna taonga hei 'taonga whai pānga ahurea ā-motu'. Ko te tikanga tēnei, i raro i te ture o Colombia i nāianei, kāore te San José me ōna taonga e kiia he 'taonga'.
E kī ana a SSA i whakamanahia e Colombia te ture whakarōpūtanga me te kaupapa motuhake ki te karo i te hua o te whakataunga a te Kōti Hupirimi, me te tango i te mana o SSA ki te 50% o te uara o ngā taonga o San José.
Te whakatau tautohe i waenganui i a SSA me Colombia (2022 – 2025)
I te Hakihea 2022, ka tīmata a SSA i te whakataunga tautohe ki a Colombia i raro i te .
E kī ana te SSA he whanonga tūpono, kāore hoki i te tika te ture whakarōpūtanga o Colombia e tango ana, e whakararuraru ana hoki i ngā mana o te SSA ki te 50% o te uara o te taonga o San José.
Ina koa, e kī ana a SSA kei te takahi te ture whakarōpū i ngā herenga haumi a Colombia i raro i te TPA mō:
- te tango i ngā haumitanga me te utu (Tuhinga 10.7);
- te paerewa iti rawa o te whakahaere i ngā haumitanga, tae atu ki te whakahaere tika me te ōrite me te tiakitanga me te haumarutanga katoa (Tuhinga 10.5); me
- te manaakitanga ā-motu me te manaakitanga ā-iwi tino manakohia mō ngā kaipupuri moni me ngā haumitanga (Tuhinga 10.3).
E tono ana a SSA kia whakahokia mai ōna tika, kia utua rānei mō ngā kino e tata ana ki te 10 piriona tāra USD.
I te marama o Hūrae 2023, i tukuna e Colombia ētahi whakahē tuatahi ki te mana whakahaere o te taraipiunara whakatau tautohe i raro i te TPA ki te whakarongo ki te tautohe, ā, kua whakakorea katoatia ēnei whakahē i ēnei wā tata nei.
Ka tono a Pāniora me te US kia wawao i roto i te whakataunga (Hakihea 2023)
I mua i te whakawakanga mana whakahaere, i tuku kōrero te US (he rōpū ki te TPA engari ehara i te rōpū ki te tautohe) hei 'rōpū kore tautohe' mō te whakamaoritanga o ngā tikanga o te TPA.
I tono a Pāniora kia whakaaetia ia ki te whakawakanga i roto i te whakataunga hei amicus curiae , engari kāore i angitu. I tautohe a Pāniora i roto i tana tono ko te San José te whenua tūmatanui o Pāniora, ā, he tautohe ture kei waenganui i a Pāniora me Colombia mō tōna mana (ahakoa kāore i hoatu he taipitopito mō ngā tukanga). I whakamārama a Pāniora kei te wawaea ia ki te whakataunga hei tiaki i ōna pānga ki San José.
I te Hakihea 2023, i whakakorehia e te taraipiunara te tono a Pāniora. I whakatau ko te take i kōrerohia e SSA mō te whakatau tautohe ehara i te mea ko te mana o Pāniora ki te San José, engari ko te mea kua takahia e Colombia ana herenga i raro i ngā whakaritenga haumitanga TPA a US-Colombia.
I whakaae te taraipiunara he pānga nui pea tō Pāniora ki te whakatau tautohe, engari i kitea kāore pea e taea te āwhina i te taraipiunara mō te whakamārama i te TPA me te mea he 'tautohe haumi' whai mana tā SSA hei whakatau mēnā he mana tō te taraipiunara ki te whakarongo ki te tautohe.
Heoi, i waiho e te taraipiunara te kuaha kia tuwhera tonu kia tukuna e Pāniora tētahi atu tono mō te whakaaetanga ki te wawao i tētahi wāhanga whai mana i muri mai o te whakatau tautohe.
Te wero mana whakahaere kāore i angitu a Colombia (Hui-tanguru 2024)
I te Hui-tanguru 2024, i whakatau te taraipiunara I whakatau te taraipiunara i whakaae ia, i runga i te pūtake tuatahi, i raro i te TPA:
- He kaipupuri moni tiakina a SSA me tētahi 'haumitanga' whai mana (Tuhinga 10.28). Nā te whakaaetanga o te tau 1980 me te reta whakamana o te tau 1982 i waihanga, i whakamana hoki i ngā mana e āhei ana ki te whakauru i tētahi 'haumitanga', ā, i riro tika aua mana i a SSA i raro i tana whakaaetanga hoko rawa me te kamupene whakaora.
- Ko ngā mahi a Colombia e kīia ana e te SSA e takahi ana i te TPA i puta i muri i te whai mana o te TPA (Tuhinga 10.1.3). Ko te mahi e amuamuhia ana e te SSA i roto i te whakataunga ko te ture whakarōpūtanga o te tau 2020, i puta i muri tata mai i te whai mana o te TPA i te tau 2012.
- Kāore ngā kereme a te SSA i te aukatia i te wā (Tuhinga 10.18.1). I panuitia te ture whakarōpūtanga i te marama o Hanuere 2020. Kāore pea a te SSA i mōhio ki te mahi a Colombia, ki te whakapae rānei mō te tango whenua i puta mai i taua mahi, i mua i te panuitanga o te tau 2020. I tīmata te SSA i te whakataunga ture i te marama o Tīhema 2022, i roto i te rohe wā e toru tau a te TPA ki te kawe kereme.
Te Tikanga Tiaki Taunakitanga (Hune 2024)
I te 28 o Hune 2024, i whakaaetia e te taraipiunara (ahakoa ngā whakahē a Colombia [3] ) tētahi tono a SSA mō ngā mahi wā poto, me te whakahau i a Colombia kia piripono ki tētahi Tikanga Tiaki Taunakitanga.
Me whakarārangi, me tiaki hoki e Colombia ngā taunakitanga (tae atu ki ngā tuhinga, ngā rekoata, ngā taonga me ngā taonga tuku iho) i tautuhia, i whakahokia mai, i whakaorangia rānei i San José, me waihanga me te pupuri i tētahi rārangi o ēnei taunakitanga, ā, me tuku pūrongo ki te taraipiunara i ia rua marama tae noa ki te whakatau i te tautohe.
Heoi, kāore a Colombia e hiahiatia ana kia whakaatu i ngā taunga o te wāhi i pakaru ai te waka i raro i te Kawa.
He whakawakanga nui mō ngā take (ka tū i te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2025)
Whai muri i te kore angitu o te wero mana whakahaere a Colombia, i tukuna e SSA ngā tono whakatikatika mō tāna kereme. I te marama o Hepetema 2024, i tukuna e te taraipiunara he whakaroa wā ki Colombia hei tuku i tāna whakautu, me whiwhi i mua i te Hakihea 2024.
Kua whakaritea te wā whakawakanga mō te mutunga o Noema 2025, ā, e tumanako ana mātou ki te tuku pūrongo mō te whakataunga a te taraipiunara mō ngā take o te kereme a SSA i te wā tika.
Taitara Pikitia: Kei te kereme tetahi kamupene o Amerika mō ngā utu kino o te $10 piriona i roto i tētahi whakataunga tautohe ki a Colombia mō te kitenga o tētahi kaipuke taonga kua totohu 300-tau te pakeke, engari e whakakahore ana a Colombia i te kitenga a te kamupene whakaora.
Ngā Tohutoro
[1] I te tau 2008, i whakawhitia ngā rawa me ngā mana o te kamupene whakaora ki a SSA i roto i tētahi whakaaetanga hoko rawa. Ko SSA te kaitono i roto i te whakataunga o nāianei.
[2] I whakakorea ngā mahi a te US.
[3] E whakakahore ana a Colombia i tana whakaaro ki te tīmata i ngā mahi whakaora i tēnei wā.
